Best Ontario Online Casinos – Top Licensed Casinos in 2024

As of December 2024, 73 premier casinos have secured the prestigious AGCO licence to operate in Ontario.

Our team of casino experts diligently updates the list of the best Ontario online casinos every month to ensure that you have access to the top options available.

Expert Selection: Ontario’s Best Online Casinos

Let’s explore the best online casinos in Ontario and find out what they can offer you.

I’ve compiled a list of the five most sought-after casinos and highlighted their standout features.

Fellow casino experts and online gamblers often ask me how I choose the five best online casinos in Ontario.

Over my six years as a casino expert and reviewer, I’ve written 500 in-depth reviews. It’s my expertise in the casino industry that helps me tell the difference between the good and the excellent.

When I started focusing on online casinos in Ontario, I set strict criteria for my recommendations. I only endorse casinos where I’d be willing to play myself. Being independent, I have no financial incentive to promote any particular casino.

As part of GambleOntario’s rigorous selection process, I carefully evaluate three key features:

✅ Unique selling points (why I recommend them),

✅ Speed of withdrawals (payout speed), and

✅ Availability of mobile play, whether through a mobile-friendly website or apps for Android & iOS devices (mobile app).

One more step in my selection process involves searching for real user reviews on independent forums and verifying that these players use the Ontario version of these online casino websites before taking their feedback into account.

This thorough approach ensures that only the most reliable and enjoyable casinos make it onto my lists.

🏅 FireVegas Casino

From my extensive experience in the online casino industry, I can tell you that FireVegas Ontario truly stands out.

Licensed by the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario (AGCO), FireVegas ensures a safe and reliable gaming experience.

Launched in 2022 and operated by White Hat Gaming Limited, FireVegas has quickly become a favourite among players.

With over 2,500 games from top providers like Play’n GO and Pragmatic Play, there’s always something exciting to play. The wide range of slots, table games, and live casino options ensures there’s something for every type of player.

The multilingual customer support and quick payout times, usually completed within 48 hours, further enhance the player experience, making it more convenient and enjoyable.

If you’re looking for a top-tier, trustworthy, and engaging online casino, I recommend giving FireVegas a try. It’s a standout choice for Ontario players, and I’m confident you’ll love it.

What Do Real Players Say About FireVegas?

I’ve spent a lot of time researching and analyzing over 50 independent forum reviews from real users to give a comprehensive summary of the most common positive and negative feedback about FireVegas Casino.

To ensure fairness, I only included reviews from players verified to be located in Ontario.

✅ Positive Reviews

• Friendly Customer Support: Users appreciate the friendly and efficient customer support team.
• Large Game Selection: The vast array of games, particularly slots, is a significant draw for many players.
• Decent Payout Rates: Some players have noted better payout rates compared to other casinos.
• Easy Navigation: The account page is user-friendly and provides easy access to necessary features.
• Successful Wins: Several users have reported winning amounts, which adds to their positive experience.

❌ Negative Reviews

• Withdrawal Pending Times: Withdrawals often have a minimum pending time of 48 hours, with some users experiencing delays of over a week.
• Limited Live Casino and Roulette Options: The selection of live casino games and roulette is limited.

🏅 Casino Days

Casino Days has rightfully made it onto GambleOntario’s exclusive list of the best online casinos in Ontario.

Launched in 2023 by Well Played Media, Unipessoal LDA, and licensed by the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario (AGCO), Casino Days offers a noteworthy gaming experience.

After spending time at Casino Days, I found it to be a compelling option. The variety of 2,500+ games is remarkable, spanning classic table games and live game shows.

I was really impressed by their customer service. It’s available 24/7 through live chat and email, and the support team is really responsive and helpful.

The payment options available include well-known Canadian methods such as Interac, Jeton, Flexepin, and Gigadat, which makes transactions really convenient.

Casino Days Canada is worth considering if you’re looking for an online casino with a solid selection of games and reliable customer support. The user-friendly experience and variety of games make it a noteworthy contender in the Ontario online casino market.

Casino Expert’s Verdict

❤️ Why You’ll Love It:

• Extensive selection of over 2,500 casino games
• 7 popular banking options
• 24/7 customer support via live chat and email
• Fast-loading website

💡 What Could Be Better:

• No mobile app
• No phone support

What Do Real Players Say About Casino Days?

I had a tough time finding real user reviews from Ontario-based players on independent forums. As I mentioned earlier, I wanted to be fair to my readers, so I chose to exclude reviews from players in other areas.

What impressed me was that Casino Days was one of the few casinos that claimed its profile on an independent forum and responded to each user’s comment, whether positive or negative.

If you have experience with Casino Days, I invite you to share it with us here at GambleOntario via our Contact Us page. We’d really want to know what you liked and didn’t like.

Your first-hand experience will help fellow players find out whether Casino Days is one of the best online casinos in Ontario.

🏅 NorthStar Bets

NorthStar Bets has earned its spot on my exclusive list for good reason.

As I spent countless hours exploring online casinos, I can tell you that NorthStar Bets genuinely stands out.

It’s not just about the number of games but the quality and overall experience.

NorthStar Bets offers a well-rounded game selection that keeps things fresh and exciting. The slots section is the true highlight.

Featuring popular titles from top providers like IGT, Playtech, and Big Time Gaming, you’re in for a treat with games like Buffalo Blitz, 88 Fortunes, and Cash Eruption.

For fans of Megaways, there are exciting options like Monopoly Megaways, Bonanza Megaways, and Gold Megaways, with up to 117,649 ways to win.

If jackpot slots are your go-to games, you can enjoy titles such as Age of the Gods, Red Wizard, and King of Olympus.

On the practical side, NorthStar Bets supports various Canadian-friendly payment options: credit cards, debit cards, e-wallets, and bank transfers. The payment process was hassle-free in my experience. I chose Interac, as NorthStar Bets suggested that this was the quickest method to withdraw my funds.

Casino Expert’s Verdict

❤️ Why You’ll Love It:

• 100+ Top-notch games from leading providers
• Excellent mobile app for Android & iOS
• Proudly Canadian brand

💡 What Could Be Better:

• Only 16 table games

What Do Real Players Say About NorthStar Bets?

I found over 140 ratings for the NorthStar Bets casino app in the App Store.

After going through them, I identified patterns in both the most positive and most negative reviews. In other words, I discovered the most common positive comments and complaints.

What I appreciated the most was that NorthStar Bets took the time to respond to all user reviews!

Here are the most common pros and cons for NorthStar Bets:

✅ Positive Reviews

• Fast Withdrawals: Quick and easy withdrawals mentioned by several users.
• Great Customer Service: Excellent and helpful customer service experiences.
• Easy to Use: User-friendly interface and easy navigation.
• Canadian Owned: Users appreciate that the company is Canadian.
• Variety of Games and Features: Lots of casino games (1000+)

❌ Negative Reviews

• Withdrawal Issues: Some users faced problems with withdrawal delays and poor follow-up from the support team.

I came across additional reviews online, but since the forum didn’t verify them, I chose not to consider them.

🏅 SpinAway Casino

Launched in November 2020, SpinAway has quickly earned a solid reputation for reliability and security, achieving full licensing in Ontario by November 2022.

You’ll find the website user-friendly and fast, making it easy to navigate and find all the information you need.

SpinAway offers an extensive selection of games, especially in the slots section, with over 2100 games, including Jackpots, Table games, and Live options.

One of the standout features is that you can get your money really quickly, sometimes within just 24 hours.

Plus, all games are available on mobile devices, so you can enjoy your favourites wherever you are. I played on my phone and compared my experience to that of a friend who’s new to gambling. We both found the mobile version easy to use. My friend had a bit of trouble understanding how to make a withdrawal, but overall, we both had a good time playing.

I recently revised my comprehensive SpinAway casino review to reflect the casino’s recent efforts to become one of the best online casinos in Ontario. The review now includes the latest updates on their game offerings, security measures, and customer service. I suggest you take a look at it to get the most accurate and current information.

As a casino expert, I highly recommend SpinAway Casino to any online gambler in Ontario.

Casino Expert’s Verdict

❤️ Why You’ll Love It:

• More than 2000 games; Jackpots, Tables, Slots and Live
• Low $10 minimum withdrawal amount
• All games are available to play on mobile devices

💡 What Could Be Better:

• No dedicated mobile app
• Live chat available 7 days/week, but not 24/7

What Do Real Players Say About SpinAway?

After spending 5 hours researching and analyzing over 150 real user reviews from independent forums, I gathered and assessed feedback from numerous players.

Here’s my concise summary of the most common positive and negative comments about SpinAway Casino:

✅ Positive Reviews

• Fast Verification and Withdrawals: Quick and reliable payout process, often within hours.
• Fair RTP and Reliable Payouts: Fair game odds and consistent payouts, with significant cashouts.
• Large Selection of Games: Extensive variety of games, especially in the slots section.
• User-Friendly Website: Easy navigation and clean design.

❌ Negative Reviews

• Customer Support: Lack of 24/7 live chat support.
• Policy Issues: Complaints about winnings being reclaimed due to policy violations.

🏅 Mr Vegas Casino

Mr Vegas made it to my top 5 Ontario online casinos in the last six months. I also noticed that our readers are very intrigued by this casino, too.

Mr. Vegas entered the Ontario online casino market in the third quarter of 2023 and quickly became popular among players.

At first, this casino does not seem too impressive, but once you start exploring its game library, which offers over 2500 games, you’ll see why it’s gained so much popularity.

One of the highlights is the Encore slot tournaments, which I haven’t found in any other online casino, along with the Wheel of Vegas jackpot challenge.

When I played slots on my mobile, the games loaded very quickly without any issues. I also chatted with the support team, and they were very knowledgeable about withdrawal amounts, handling technical issues during game sessions, and games RTP.

The fact that the casino holds an AGCO licence means it meets the highest standards for player safety. I appreciate that their “Play Responsibly” section is prominently placed at the top of the page, providing information on support groups, taking short breaks, and maintaining control.

In my comprehensive review of Mr. Vegas Casino, I thoroughly cover all these topics and more. I encourage you to read it, and if you choose to register at Mr. Vegas Casino, please feel free to reach out and share your experience with us.

Casino Expert’s Verdict

❤️ Why You’ll Love It:

• Extensive library with over 2000 games from leading developers

• 10 trusted payment options available

• 24/7 customer support to assist you anytime

• Easy and quick registration process

💡 What Could Be Better:

• No dedicated mobile app

• Only a few years in the casino industry, established in 2017

What Do Real Players Say About Mr Vegas?

Since Mr. Vegas Casino is relatively new, finding verified reviews from Ontario players has been a bit tricky. This means there aren’t as many user reviews yet.

I will keep updating this page once I have gathered a considerable number of verified reviews from real players.

If you’ve played at Mr. Vegas Casino, we’d love to hear from you! Share your experience with us at GambleOntario through our Contact Us page. Tell us what you liked and what could be better.

Your insights will help other players decide if Mr. Vegas Casino should be one of the top online casinos in Ontario.

💡 What’s Changed in Our Ontario Online Casino List?

In December 2024, after a new round of testing, we made the following changes to our list of the best Ontario online casinos.

• Luxury Casino has recently moved up six positions in our rankings. This improvement is largely attributed to its fantastic customer support team, which offers valuable feedback and suggestions on the most popular games. Several Canadian players have shared positive experiences with this.
• Golden Tiger Casino has been doing really well in the last quarter. This month, our experts ranked it as the 7th best Ontario online casino (previously ranked 15th). Players have been praising the quality of customer support and the games. Luxury Casino and Golden Tiger Casino are both part of the same brand, Casino Rewards.
• Wildz Casino has climbed to the 8th position in Ontario, up from 25th place. This jump is attributed to the increased interest from players in the province over the last three months. Many players have praised the casino for its user-friendly interface and speedy withdrawals. Our experts will keep a close eye on this casino to verify it deserves this ranking in the long run.

Our team conducts hands-on tests to ensure we only recommend the best online casinos in Ontario.

We change the order of casinos based on their performance in various areas, such as user experience, game quality, customer support, and payouts.

We evaluate everything from the sign-up process to the quality of customer support. This way, you can trust that our recommendations are based on real-player experience and not just speculation.

Trust us to keep you up-to-date with the best online casinos in Ontario.

Our Selection Process

At GambleOntario, we know you want a safe, fair, and fun online casino experience. By following nine essential steps, we ensure that you’ll find the best Ontario online casinos that meet these requirements.

1️⃣ Casino Licence

The first thing we check is the casino’s licensing. We only recommend casinos that hold valid licences from the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario (AGCO). We look for the iGO seal and cross-check it with the official registry. This ensures the casino operates legally and meets strict standards.

2️⃣ Quality Game Selection

A great casino needs a wide variety of top-quality games.

We explore the game library, ensuring it includes popular slots like Starburst and Mega Moolah, table games like Blackjack and Roulette, and live dealer options such as Live Baccarat.

Every game at a regulated Ontario casino must have a return-to-player (RTP) percentage of at least 85%, ensuring you have a fair shot at winning. Most games have an RTP of around 95%, giving you even better chances.

3️⃣ Reputable Game Providers

We evaluate the casino’s game providers. Top casinos partner with renowned software developers like NetEnt and Evolution Gaming.

We confirm that these developers have their games certified for fairness by independent testing agencies such as eCOGRA or iTech Labs.

4️⃣ Transparent Terms & Conditions

Clear and fair terms are crucial. We meticulously review the casino’s terms and conditions, focusing on wagering requirements, withdrawal processes, and data protection.

For example, we look for straightforward terms that clearly state wagering requirements, and we ensure that your player funds are held in a separate account, protecting them in case of bankruptcy.

5️⃣ Efficient Withdrawal Processes

We know you want your winnings fast and hassle-free.

We test the withdrawal process ourselves, noting the processing times and any associated fees.

For instance, we check if you can withdraw via PayPal, bank transfer, or credit card, and we ensure that the process takes no longer than 48 hours for most methods.

6️⃣ Customer Support

The best casinos offer 24/7 support to help you whenever you need it. We check the availability and quality of support channels like live chat, email, and phone.

We evaluate the availability and quality of support channels like live chat, email, and phone. We conduct test inquiries to ensure that support is responsive and helpful 24/7.

For example, we might ask about maximum withdrawal amounts or technical issues to see how effectively and quickly the support team responds.

7️⃣ Registration & User Experience

A smooth registration process and an easy-to-navigate site are essential.

We create test accounts to evaluate the ease of registration and verification procedures.

We also assess the overall user experience, ensuring the site is intuitive and mobile-friendly. For instance, we test the best mobile casino apps in Ontario on both iOS and Android devices to ensure a seamless gaming experience.

8️⃣ Player Reviews

We listen to what real players say. User ratings for online casinos in Ontario give us valuable insights into the casino’s reputation and performance.

We scour forums, review sites, and social media to gather authentic player experiences, ensuring that the casino maintains a positive reputation and addresses any complaints effectively.

9️⃣ Casino Innovation

We value casinos that keep up with the times. The best online casinos introduce new features, embrace modern technologies, and continuously improve the player experience.

For instance, we look for casinos that offer innovative features like virtual reality games, and regular updates to their game library.

By applying this nine-step selection process, we help you find the best Ontario online casinos for a secure and enjoyable gaming experience. Remember to gamble responsibly and have fun!

A New Era For Ontario Online Casinos

Ontario has brought in a revived era for online casinos. After three years of hard work, the Ontario provincial government introduced a licensing regime on April 4th, 2022.

⚖️ Legal History

Let’s take a look at how the legal framework for online casinos in Ontario has evolved over the years.

The foundation for the current gaming landscape was established in 1985 when the Canadian government granted provinces the authority to license and regulate gambling. This pivotal decision led to the opening of the first Canadian casino in Winnipeg in 1989. Ontario followed suit, opening its first casino in Windsor in 1994.

In 1999, the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation (OLG) was established to take over the responsibilities of the Ontario Lottery Corporation (OLG).

The OLG oversees and operates:

• gaming facilities,
• province-wide lottery games,
• internet gaming, bingo, and
• other electronic gaming products at Charitable Gaming Centres

The OLG also plays a significant role in supporting Ontario’s horse racing industry.

Fast-forward to 2022, the most significant change in online gambling came with the launch of Ontario’s newly regulated iGaming market.

This marked a major shift in regulatory responsibilities.

💡 While the OLG continues to manage lottery and other gaming activities, the regulation of Ontario online casinos is now handled by the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario (AGCO).

This new regulatory framework ensures a modern and well-regulated online gambling environment, promoting fair play and security for all players.

Today, OLG offers its own online casino, featuring a diverse selection of popular games. Players can enjoy a variety of table games like blackjack and baccarat, as well as slots, video poker, jackpot games, and instant games.

⚖️ How We Got Here

The Ontario online casino industry is now up and running, but it took some doing to get here.

The journey began with advances in Canadian sports betting in recent years.

In September 2021, the province rolled out the final online casino and betting standards, setting the stage for a well-regulated market.

The passage of Bill C-218 was a significant step forward in the legalization process, ensuring that single-game online casinos would be entirely legal.

Ontario also started the licensing process for online sportsbooks, which went live in April 2022, marking the opening date for betting and iGaming.

Laws allowing for the legalization of sports betting opened the path for Ontario online casinos. Since then, sports betting and online casinos have been operational in the province.

iGaming Ontario (iGO), a subsidiary of the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario, is now in charge of regulating this new market. These authorities, AGCO and iGO, issue licences to all operators and suppliers, including those exciting online casinos you’ve been eager to try.

Why did it take so long? Well, regulating online casinos is no easy feat. But now that it’s all legal and regulated, you can feel much safer when depositing your funds. Plus, if you ever run into any issues, there’s a dedicated body to help you.

So, what’s in it for you? Playing in the regulated Ontario online casino scene means:

✔️ Enhanced safety for your deposits

✔️ A trusted place to resolve issues

✔️ Access to a variety of licensed and reliable online casinos

⚖️ Who Is Allowed to Play at Ontario Online Casinos?

In Ontario, only individuals 19 years of age and older can legally play on online casino sites. The Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario oversees these casinos and ensures that each operator strictly follows this rule to prevent underage gambling and protect minors.

When you sign up at one of Ontario’s top online casinos, you’ll go through a simple verification process to confirm your age. You’ll need to provide personal identification, like a driver’s licence. Once verified, you’re all set to start playing!

Check out our updated page on Ontario’s online gambling and sports betting laws for a more comprehensive view of the current regulations.

Only Play at Ontario Licensed Casinos

If you’re an avid online gambler, choosing Ontario-licensed online casinos is a smart move.

These casinos are regulated by the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario (AGCO) and held to high fairness, security, and integrity standards.

Here are five reasons why you should opt for a licensed online casino:

✅ Fair and Secure Gameplay: AGCO ensures that all games are fair and secure.

✅ Reliable Customer Support: Available 24/7, with efficient dispute resolution.

✅ High-Quality Games: Reputable software providers offer top-notch gaming experiences.

✅ Player Funds Protection: Your funds are 100% protected with strict privacy measures.

✅ Responsible Gaming Practices: Compliant with Ontario iGaming regulations to promote responsible gaming.

Why You Should Avoid Unlicensed Online Casinos

Avoiding unlicensed or offshore online casinos is crucial for a secure and safe online casino experience in Ontario.

Unlicensed casinos are online casinos that operate outside the jurisdiction and don’t adhere to the same high standards as licensed casinos.

Opting for an unlicensed or offshore online casino puts your personal and financial information at risk.

Based on my research and insights from fellow casino experts at GambleOntario, here are the most common issues reported at unlicensed online casinos:

❌ Lack of Regulatory Audits: Increases the risk of unfair practices.

❌ No Player Funds Protection: Your money isn’t safeguarded.

❌ No Responsible Wagering Measures: No support for responsible gaming.

❌ Withdrawal Requests Blocked or Denied: Difficulty in accessing your winnings.

❌ Limited Customer Support: Poor assistance when you need help.

❌ Data Security and Privacy Risks: Higher risk of personal information being compromised.

Always play it safe and choose licensed and regulated online casinos, such as those licensed by the Ontario government.

List of Regulated Ontario Casinos

As of December 2024, 73 casinos are licensed by AGCO and regulated by iGO.

The Internet Gaming licence, granted to online casinos, must be renewed nearly every year, depending on the specific agreement and fees paid by the operator.

I assure you that here at GambleOntario, we conduct regular checks to ensure the licence validity status of all listed operators, maintaining the integrity of our information.

In the tables below, I listed all online casinos, including their licence numbers, the date the licences were first issued, and the owning company.

📅 List of Online Casinos Licensed in Ontario in 2022

These 39 online casinos were the first to legally operate in the province as soon as the iGaming market launched.

📅 List of Online Casinos Licensed in Ontario from 2023 to 2024

In 2023 or 2024, 34 online casinos were introduced to Ontario gamblers. You will notice that a single company launches more than one casino to strengthen its presence and building trust among players.

Interesting Stats For Ontario Online Casinos in 2024

With over 2 million registered online casino players and a projected growth rate of 8.2%, online casinos have captivated the attention of gaming enthusiasts across Ontario.

Let’s delve into some fascinating facts about online casinos in Ontario:

💡 The Ontario online casino market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 8.2% over the next five years.

💡 There are currently over 2 million online casino players in Ontario. There isn’t a significant difference in the number of men and women who gamble online. Based on the latest statistics, about 63% of men and 57% of women participate in online gambling monthly.

💡 The average online casino player in Ontario is between the ages of 25 and 34 and spends $1,000 per month.

💡 The most popular online casino games in Ontario are slots, blackjack, and roulette.

💡 The majority of slots in Ontario online casinos have an RTP (Return to Player) of 96% or more, while blackjack games offer an impressive RTP of 99.63%.

💡 The payout percentage for Ontario online casinos and sportsbooks ranges between 95% and 96%.

💡 Winnings at Ontario online casinos are not taxed as long as gambling is not your primary source of income.

💡 48% of wagers are made on slot machines, while 32% are placed on Live Dealer table games in Ontario online casinos.

💡 Some online casinos in Ontario have a quick payout time of 0-1 day and an impressive win rate of 98.44%. Find the best paying online casinos in Ontario.

💡 Canada has the highest user adoption rate of 46.8% in the Online Casino market, reflecting a significant number of people engaging in online casino activities.

Popular Casinos Games Among Ontario Players

After reviewing 60+ Ontario online casinos, I noticed there are certain games offered by these sites that players prefer to play.

My observation is backed by surveys published annually by iGaming Ontario. For example, online casino games remain a significant driver of wagers and revenue.

In 2022-2023, 48% of all casino wagers were on slots, 32% on live table games, and 19% on computer-based table games.

When I discovered these impressive numbers, I decided to investigate what makes these games so popular.

I’ve put together the table below detailing the most popular games and their winning percentages.

Playing Responsibly at Online Casinos in Ontario

Ontario online casinos provide a range of tools and resources to help you gamble responsibly and avoid potential harm.

When you register and play at a licensed online casino in Ontario, you can rest assured that extensive safety measures are in place.

Any casino displaying the iGaming Ontario (iGO) certification logo must adhere to iGO’s stringent contractual agreements, which include:

✔️ Accreditation through the Responsible Gambling Council’s RG Check Program: Ensures the casino meets high standards.

✔️ Balanced Advertising Campaigns: Casinos must balance promotional activities with efforts to prevent problem gambling.

✔️ Self-Exclusion Programs: Allow players to take a break from playing at online casinos if needed.

✔️ Sharing Anonymized Player Data: This data is used for research to improve responsible gambling measures.

These standards, set by the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario (AGCO), ensure that all licensed online casinos in Ontario provide a safe and secure environment for their players.

Resources and Tools

iGaming Ontario’s website offers valuable information and resources.

Here are three essential tools and links:

✔️ Responsible Gambling Council (RGC) Resources: Extensive information on how to play responsibly and where to get help if needed.

✔️ ConnexOntario Support Services: Our province’s hub for mental health, addiction, and financial counselling.

✔️ Time and Financial Limits: Tools to help you set limits on your gaming activities.

These resources are readily available on Ontario online casino websites, usually at the top or bottom of their pages.

Advertising Standards

Licensed Ontario online casinos must adhere to strict advertising standards, including:

❌ No Advertising to Minors: Ensuring that promotional materials do not target underage individuals.

✔️ Moderate Advertising Practices: Avoiding excessive advertising, especially during televised events.

In response to concerns about the frequency of casino and sports-betting ads during NHL and NBA games, AGCO proposed banning the use of athletes and celebrities in commercials. The ban was put into effect in February 2024 to help tackle this problem and reduce the ads’ appeal to minors.